What to do when markets drop

Note: Although the downturns that began in August 1987 (related to Black Monday) and February 2020 (related to the start of the COVID-19 pandemic) don’t meet a widely accepted definition of a bear market because they lasted less than two months, we are counting them as bear markets and including them in our analysis because of their historic nature.

Sources: Vanguard calculations, as of December 31, 2023. MSCI World Index from January 1, 1980, through December 31, 1987, and the MSCI ACWI thereafter. Indexed to 100 as of December 31, 1979.

Past performance is no guarantee of future returns. The performance of an index is not an exact representation of any particular investment, as you cannot invest directly in an index.

Notes: This chart shows the one-year annualized returns for the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index from 1973 through 2023. The shaded areas represent months when the U.S. economy was in a recession as defined by the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Sources: Vanguard calculations as of December 31, 2023, using data from Refinitiv.

Past performance is no guarantee of future returns. The performance of an index is not an exact representation of any particular investment, as you cannot invest directly in an index.

All investments are subject to risk, including the possible loss of the money you invest. Be aware that fluctuations in the financial markets and other factors may cause declines in the value of your account.

Note: Although the downturns that began in August 1987 (related to Black Monday) and February 2020 (related to the start of the COVID-19 pandemic) don’t meet a widely accepted definition of a bear market because they lasted less than two months, we are counting them as bear markets and including them in our analysis because of their historic nature.

Sources: Vanguard calculations, as of December 31, 2023, using the MSCI World Index from January 1, 1980, through December 31, 1987, and the MSCI ACWI thereafter. Indexed to 100 as of December 31, 1979.

Past performance is no guarantee of future returns. The performance of an index is not an exact representation of any particular investment, as you cannot invest directly in an index.

Sources: Vanguard calculations as of December 31, 2023, based on data from Refinitiv using the Standard & Poor’s 500 Price Index.

Past performance is no guarantee of future returns. The performance of an index is not an exact representation of any particular investment, as you cannot invest directly in an index.

All investments are subject to risk, including the possible loss of the money you invest. Be aware that fluctuations in the financial markets and other factors may cause declines in the value of your account.

Notes: Equities in the 60% equity/40% fixed income portfolio are represented by the Russell 3000 Index, and fixed income is represented by the Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index. Cash is represented by the FTSE 3-Month Treasury Bill Index. Monthly data are from January 1980 through December 2023. Equity losses of more than 10% over three months trigger the move from a 60/40 portfolio to all cash in the illustration.

Source: Vanguard total return calculations, as of December 31, 2023.

Past performance is no guarantee of future returns. The performance of an index is not an exact representation of any particular investment, as you cannot invest directly in an index.

Notes: Data reflect rolling total returns for the periods shown and are based on underlying monthly total returns for the period from February 1976 through December 2023. The Standard & Poor's 500 Index and the Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index were used as proxies for stocks and bonds, respectively.

Source: Vanguard calculations, as of December 31, 2023.

Past performance is no guarantee of future returns. The performance of an index is not an exact representation of any particular investment, as you cannot invest directly in an index.