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Investment types

Index funds vs. actively managed funds

The choice comes down to how much risk you're willing to take for the possibility of higher performance.
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What’s the difference between index and active funds?

Index mutual funds & ETFs

Index funds are designed to keep pace with market returns because they try to mirror certain market segments. 
 

Actively managed funds

Active funds try to beat market returns with investments hand-picked by professional money managers. 

Compare indexing & active management

Each strategy has a unique method for selecting its underlying investments. And each can complement the other when combined in a well-diversified, balanced portfolio.

Portfolio

All the securities held by a mutual fund or the total investment holdings of an individual or an institution.
  Index mutual fund or ETF Actively managed fund
Goal Tries to match the performance of a specific market benchmark (or "index") as closely as possible. Tries to outperform its benchmark.
Strategy Buys all (or a representative sample) of the stocks or bonds in the index it's tracking. Uses the portfolio manager's deep research and expertise to hand-select stocks or bonds for the fund.
Risk Aligns directly to the risks involved with the specific stock or bond market the fund tracks.

Adds the risk that the portfolio manager may underperform its benchmark.

Active management performance history
Tax efficiency Usually distributes fewer taxable capital gains because the portfolio manager trades less frequently. Could have more taxable capital gains because the portfolio manager may trade more often, making it more tax-efficient to hold actively managed funds in IRAs.

Market benchmark

An unmanaged group of bonds or stocks whose overall performance is used as a standard to measure investment performance.

Stock

A security that represents part ownership, or equity, in a corporation. Each share of stock is a proportional stake in the corporation's assets and profits, some of which could be paid out as dividends.

Bond

A debt security (IOU) issued by a corporation, government, or government agency in exchange for the money the bondholder lends it. In most instances, the issuer agrees to pay back the loan by a specific date and make regular interest payments until that date.

Active management performance history

 

Over the past 10 years, only about 79% of active stock fund managers and 91% of active bond fund managers have outperformed their designated benchmarks.1

Active stock fund managers

79% outperformed benchmarks.

21% underperformed benchmarks.
 

Active bond fund managers

91% outperformed benchmarks.

9% underperformed benchmarks.

 

1Sources: Vanguard calculations, using data from LSEG Lipper. Based on funds' excess returns relative to their prospectus benchmark for the 10-year period ended March 31, 2025. Only funds with a minimum 10-year history were included in the comparison. Results for other periods will vary.

Capital gain

The difference between the sale price of an asset — such as a mutual fund, stock, or bond — and the original cost of the asset.

Index mutual fund or ETF

Goal

Tries to match the performance of a specific market benchmark (or "index") as closely as possible.

Strategy

Buys all (or a representative sample) of the stocks or bonds in the index it's tracking.

Risk

Aligns directly to the risks involved with the specific stock or bond market the fund tracks.

Tax efficiency

Usually distributes fewer taxable capital gains because the portfolio manager trades less frequently.

Actively managed fund

Goal

Tries to outperform its benchmark.

Strategy

Uses the portfolio manager's deep research and expertise to hand-select stocks or bonds for the fund.

Risk

Adds the risk that the portfolio manager may underperform its benchmark.

Active management performance history

Tax efficiency

Could have more taxable capital gains because the portfolio manager may trade more often, making it more tax-efficient to hold actively managed funds in IRAs.

Browse Vanguard’s index mutual funds

Browse Vanguard’s actively managed funds

Still not sure which is right for you?

See how our index funds can work for you

See how our active funds can help you meet your goals

You must buy and sell Vanguard ETF Shares through Vanguard Brokerage Services (we offer them commission-free online) or through another broker (who may charge commissions). See the Vanguard Brokerage Services Commission and Fee Schedules for limits. Vanguard ETF Shares are not redeemable directly with the issuing Fund other than in very large aggregations worth millions of dollars. ETFs are subject to market volatility. When buying or selling an ETF, you will pay or receive the current market price, which may be more or less than net asset value.

All investing is subject to risk, including the possible loss of the money you invest. Diversification does not ensure a profit or protect against a loss. There is no guarantee that any particular asset allocation or mix of funds will meet your investment objectives or provide you with a given level of income. 

Fluctuations in the financial markets and other factors may cause declines in the value of your account. The performance of an index is not an exact representation of any particular investment, as you cannot invest directly in an index.